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margin-left:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:150%'><img width=848 height=211 src="index_files/image001.jpg" alt=LabLogo.jpg></h2> <h2 align=center style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:150%'><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif"; color:#FF9900;font-weight:normal'><a href="http://www.tifr.res.in/~roop/"><span style='color:#FF9900'>H</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%; color:#FF9900'>OME</span></a></span></i><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif";color:#FF9900; font-weight:normal'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></i><i><span style='font-size:10.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif";color:#CC99FF; font-weight:normal'><a href="PI.htm"><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height: 150%;color:#CC99FF'>P</span><span style='color:#CC99FF'>rincipal Investigator</span></a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="Publications.htm"><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%; color:#CC99FF'>P</span><span style='color:#CC99FF'>ublications</span></a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="Funding.htm"><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%; color:#CC99FF'>F</span><span style='color:#CC99FF'>unding</span></a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="Contact.html"><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%; color:#CC99FF'>C</span><span style='color:#CC99FF'>ontact</span></a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="Vacancies.html"><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%; color:#CC99FF'>V</span><span style='color:#CC99FF'>acancy</span></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></i><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif"; color:#CC99FF;font-weight:normal'><a href="http://www.tifr.res.in/~roop/LabMembers/"><span style='color:#CC99FF'>L</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;color:#CC99FF'>abmembers</span></a></span></i><i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif"; color:#CC99FF;font-weight:normal'>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://www.tifr.res.in/~roop/Images/"><span style='font-size:14.0pt; line-height:150%;color:#CC99FF'>I</span><span style='color:#CC99FF'>mages</span></a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://www.tifr.res.in/~roop/Movies/"><span style='font-size:14.0pt; line-height:150%;color:#CC99FF'>M</span><span style='color:#CC99FF'>ovies</span></a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="NaturesNanotech.htm"><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%; color:#CC99FF'>M</span><span style='color:#CC99FF'>olecular</span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;color:#CC99FF'>M</span><span style='color:#CC99FF'>otors ?</span></a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="Links.html"><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;color:#CC99FF'>L</span><span style='color:#CC99FF'>inks</span></a></span></i><i><span style='font-size:10.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif";color:#999999; font-weight:normal'> </span></i></h2> <div style='float:right'> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:6.0pt;line-height:150%'><span style='font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif";color:white'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:150%'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tempus Sans ITC"; color:#92D050'>~</span></b><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Tempus Sans ITC";color:#92D050'> W</span></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tempus Sans ITC"; color:#92D050'>elcome ~</span></b></p> <p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><i><span style='font-size: 11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#BFBFBF'>Namaste</span></i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; color:#BFBFBF'>, and welcome to our Lab website. We do research to understand how things move at tiny length scales inside the cells of our body. Our work spans the traditionally defined disciplines of Molecular biology, Biochemistry, Physics, Chemistry and Computation. You can explore our website using the links above. If you want to know why we are excited about what we do, read on below& &nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Tempus Sans ITC";color:#92D050'>~</span></b><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tempus Sans ITC"; color:#92D050'> </span></b><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Tempus Sans ITC";color:#92D050'>M</span></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tempus Sans ITC"; color:#92D050'>otivation ~</span></b></p> <p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size: 11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:silver'>Some of the most insightful research in biology has come by applying ideas and tools from the physical sciences on biological systems. Quantitative answers have been obtained through novel techniques, such as those invented to measure function of a single biological molecule (for example, a protein). Such  single molecule experiments are technically challenging, and are typically done with the molecule placed in an artificial (<i>in vitro</i>) environment. While these experiments are pioneering in their own right, it is not possible to directly relate their results to real-world biology. This is because inside a cell (<i>in vivo</i>), there is almost never anything like a  single molecule . Biological molecules usually work as part of a <i>larger complex</i>, where many of them come together to achieve a common function. It is the NET function of this complex that is relevant, and not just that of the single constituent proteins. Our goal is to extend the precision of single-molecule techniques inside living cells, and directly measure function of a <i>protein-complex</i> in real-time in a cellular environment. </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:18.0pt;line-height:150%'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tempus Sans ITC"; color:#92D050'>~</span></b><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Tempus Sans ITC";color:#92D050'> F</span></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tempus Sans ITC"; color:#92D050'>ocus ~</span></b></p> <p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size: 11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:silver'>The living cell is an assembly of specialized factories with a constant give-and-take of material occurring within them. Tiny proteins called </span><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; color:#CC99FF'><a href="NaturesNanotech.htm" target="_blank"><span style='color:#CC99FF'>Molecular motors</span></a></span></i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; color:silver'> (Ref 1,2,3) carry cellular material as cargo from one factory to the other (e.g. mRNA, vesicles, endosomes). This transport of material is essential for the cell and its factories to function. A heavy traffic of material of different size and shapes can be observed under the microscope, and in many cases appears to happen in a highly regulated and disciplined manner. To achieve this transport, the cell uses a network of roadways that are actually polymerized protein filaments. The motors attach to specific cargo, and walk in a step-like manner on these roads inside the cell. In order to walk, the motors generate forces about a million-million times smaller than what we use in our day-to-day life (Ref 4,5). Thus, most of the action happens at the nanoscale. </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; color:silver'>Different motors with inclination to walk in different directions may be simultaneously present as a protein complex on a given cargo, along with a host of other non-motor proteins (Ref 6,7).&nbsp; It is this protein complex that we are probing with biophysical assays. The big questions that drive our research are :-</span></p> <ol style='margin-top:0cm' start=1 type=1> <li class=MsoNormal style='color:silver;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'>All molecular motors are not designed the same, and therefore do not have similar capabilities. Yet, they work together on a single cargo. What is the advantage of this heterogeneity? What are the specific adaptations that allow a particular motor to work with another class of motors, and do something useful in the cell? (Ref. 6; also see </span><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; color:#CC99FF'><a href="http://www.tifr.res.in/~roop/Publications.htm" target="_blank"><span style='color:#CC99FF'>Soppina et al, PNAS 2009</span></a></span></i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'>)</span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='color:silver;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'>How is the relative activity of antagonistic motors regulated to achieve directed transport ?&nbsp; (Ref. 7,8)</span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='color:silver;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'>What is the role of various motor-associated non-motor proteins resident on the cargo? </span></li> </ol> <p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:150%'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tempus Sans ITC"; color:#92D050'>~</span></b><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Tempus Sans ITC";color:#92D050'> I</span></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tempus Sans ITC"; color:#92D050'>mportance ~</span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:12.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; color:white'>To the Biologist</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; color:silver'>How motors are regulated to achieve organized transport could provide some answers to a fundamental biological question: How does organization and structure arise from microscopic complexity in the living animal? Transport driven by Molecular motors is crucial for almost every conceivable cellular process, and how the activity of motors is regulated directly impacts all these processes.</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; color:white'>To the Physicist and Engineer </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; color:silver'>Understanding the architecture and function of molecular motors can elucidate basic design mechanisms in nature for implementing functional machines at the size of nanometers (for example, see Ref 5). Biophysical measurements like what we do are unique in that they directly measure biological function in real-time in an <i>in vivo</i> context.</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; color:white'>Health</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; color:silver'>Molecular motors are essential proteins, critically important for a myriad biological processes. Motors are involved in Golgi positioning, chromosomal segregation, mRNA and protein transport, neuronal transport, development of the central nervous system, localization of cytoplasmic determinants to establish embryonic body axis etc. For all the above processes to occur normally, regulation of the relative activity of different motors is essential. Dysfunctional molecular motors result in numerous diseases (Cancer, Alzheimers, Motor neuron degeneration etc; see Ref 9).</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tempus Sans ITC"; color:#92D050'>~</span></b><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Tempus Sans ITC";color:#92D050'> H</span></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tempus Sans ITC"; color:#92D050'>ow is this research being done ~</span></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:white'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:150%'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; color:silver'>For a short summary of our recent papers, go to the</span></b><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; color:windowtext'> </span></b><b><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#CC99FF'><a href="http://www.tifr.res.in/~roop/Publications.htm"><span style='color:#CC99FF'>Publications</span></a></span></i></b><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; color:windowtext'> </span></b><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:silver'>page & </span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:silver'>The most remarkable thing about molecular motors is that they actually move !! This motion can be directly observed under a microscope, and interpreted in terms of the motor s function. We are studying the microtubule-motor dependent motion of endosomes and phagosomes as a model system. Cells are constantly acquiring extracellular material (e.g. nutrients) through invaginations of the plasma membrane that break off and then move along microtubules through the cytoplasm. This motion is bidirectional due to the presence of opposing kinesin and dynein motors on an endosome. This achieves fusion of the endosome with late endosome/lysosomes, and also results in recycling of membrane-bound endocytic receptors to the plasma membrane. Using an </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#CC99FF'><a href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/blocklab/Optical%20Tweezers%20Introduction.htm" target="_blank"><span style='color:#CC99FF'>optical trap</span></a></span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; color:silver'> (a highly focused laser tractor beam), we can measure forces generated by motors during such motion, which has allowed us to count the number of motors on a single endosome in real-time. This tells us how motors of different kinds come on and off from the endosome, and how they respond to a  load applied by the opposing motor. Such experiments are being done at several levels of complexity to understand how cooperative function emerges within interacting motor-ensembles </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: 150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; color:silver'>"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Directly inside living cells. </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: 150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; color:silver'>"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Semi in vitro experiments with organelles (e.g. endosome, phagosomes) extracted from cells.</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: 150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; color:silver'>"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; With purified single motor proteins coated on sub-micron plastic beads.</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; color:silver'>"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Computer simulations using parameters directly obtained from the above experiments.</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; color:silver'>We have recently shown that dynein and kinesin engage in a tug-of-war on single endosomes inside the cell (see figure below). The motors function very differently at the single-molecule level, and this difference may help in regulating endosome biogenesis. For details, see </span><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; color:#CC99FF'><a href="http://www.tifr.res.in/~roop/Publications.htm" target="_blank"><span style='color:#CC99FF'>Soppina et al, PNAS 2009</span></a></span></i></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:silver'><img border=0 width=1021 height=301 src="index_files/image004.jpg" alt=ToW></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><i><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#CC99FF'>&nbsp;</span></i></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Tempus Sans ITC";color:#92D050'>F</span></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tempus Sans ITC"; color:#92D050'>urther reading & </span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height: 150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; color:silver'>1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Vale RD: </span><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";color:#CC99FF'><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;dopt=AbstractPlus&amp;list_uids=12600311&amp;query_hl=15&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum"><span style='color:#CC99FF'>The molecular motor toolbox for intracellular transport</span></a></span></i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; color:#CC99FF'>.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";color:silver'> Cell<i> </i>2003, <b>112</b>:467-480.</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height: 150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; color:silver'>2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Vale RD, Milligan RA: </span><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";color:#CC99FF'><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;dopt=AbstractPlus&amp;list_uids=10753125&amp;query_hl=17&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum"><span style='color:#CC99FF'>The way things move: looking under the hood of molecular motor proteins</span></a></span></i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";color:#CC99FF'>.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; color:silver'> Science<i> </i>2000, <b>288</b>:88-95.</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height: 150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; color:silver'>3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Schliwa M, Woehlke G: </span><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";color:#CC99FF'><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;dopt=AbstractPlus&amp;list_uids=12700770&amp;query_hl=3&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum"><span style='color:#CC99FF'>Molecular motors</span></a></span></i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; color:#CC99FF'>.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";color:silver'> Nature<i> </i>2003, <b>422</b>:759-765.</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height: 150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; color:silver'>4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Visscher K, Schnitzer MJ, Block SM: </span><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";color:#CC99FF'><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;dopt=AbstractPlus&amp;list_uids=10408448&amp;query_hl=7&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum"><span style='color:#CC99FF'>Single kinesin molecules studied with a molecular force clamp</span></a></span></i><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";color:silver'>.</span></i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; color:silver'> Nature<i> </i>1999, <b>400</b>:184-189.</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height: 150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; color:silver'>5.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mallik R, Carter BC, Lex SA, King SJ, Gross SP: </span><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; color:#CC99FF'><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;dopt=AbstractPlus&amp;list_uids=14961123&amp;query_hl=10&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum"><span style='color:#CC99FF'>Cytoplasmic dynein functions as a gear in response to load</span></a></span></i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";color:#CC99FF'>.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; color:silver'> Nature<i> </i>2004, <b>427</b>:649-652.</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height: 150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; color:silver'>6.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mallik R, Gross SP: </span><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";color:#CC99FF'><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;dopt=AbstractPlus&amp;list_uids=15556858&amp;query_hl=10&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum"><span style='color:#CC99FF'>Molecular motors: strategies to get along</span></a></span></i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; color:#CC99FF'>.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";color:silver'> Curr Biol<i> </i>2004, <b>14</b>:R971-982.</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height: 150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; color:silver'>7.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; M. 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Gross.<i>&nbsp; </i></span><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";color:#CC99FF'><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=16204815&amp;query_hl=6&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum"><span style='color:#CC99FF'>Hither and yon: a review of bi-directional microtubule-based transport</span></a></span></i><span style='font-size:11.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";color:#CC99FF'>&nbsp;</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; color:silver'>&nbsp; Physical Biology, Vol 1, R1-11 (2004)<u1:p></u1:p> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height: 150%'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; color:silver'>9.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hirokawa N, Takemura R: </span><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";color:#CC99FF'><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;dopt=AbstractPlus&amp;list_uids=14559185&amp;query_hl=19&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum"><span style='color:#CC99FF'>Biochemical and molecular characterization of diseases linked to motor proteins</span></a></span></i><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";color:#CC99FF'>.</span></b><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; color:silver'> </span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";color:silver'>Trends in Biochemical Sciences<i> </i>2003, <b>28</b>: 558</span></p> <p class=MsoBodyText style='line-height:150%'><span style='font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif"'>&nbsp;</span></p> </div> <div> <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript"> var sc_project=2733657; var sc_invisible=0; var sc_partition=27; var sc_security="5b6f4071"; </script><script type="text/javascript" src="http://www.statcounter.com/counter/counter_xhtml.js"> </script><a href="http://www.statcounter.com/"><img border=0 width=1 height=1 src="http://c28.statcounter.com/2733657/0/5b6f4071/0/" alt="free hit counter"></a>&nbsp;</p> </div> </div> </noscript><!-- End of StatCounter Code --> </body> </html>